CVE-2023-28431

MITRE NVD CVE.ORG JSON API Print: PDF PDF

Summary

CVECVE-2023-28431
StatePUBLIC
Assigner[email protected]
Source PriorityCVE Program / NVD first with legacy fallback
Published2023-03-22 21:15:00 UTC
Updated2023-11-07 04:10:00 UTC
DescriptionFrontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier's `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks. No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix.

Risk And Classification

Problem Types: CWE-682

NVD Known Affected Configurations (CPE 2.3)

TypeVendorProductVersionUpdateEditionLanguage
Application Parity Frontier All All All All

References

ReferenceSourceLinkTags
modexp precompile is slow for even modulus · Advisory · paritytech/frontier · GitHub MISC github.com
Increase modexp gas cost when mod is even by sorpaas · Pull Request #1017 · paritytech/frontier · GitHub MISC github.com
Increase modexp gas cost when mod is even (#1017) · paritytech/frontier@5af12e9 · GitHub MISC github.com
num-bigint/power.rs at 6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa · rust-num/num-bigint · GitHub MISC github.com
CVE Program record CVE.ORG www.cve.org canonical
NVD vulnerability detail NVD nvd.nist.gov canonical, analysis

© CVE.report 2026

Use of this information constitutes acceptance for use in an AS IS condition. There are NO warranties, implied or otherwise, with regard to this information or its use. Any use of this information is at the user's risk. It is the responsibility of user to evaluate the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, opinion, advice or other content. EACH USER WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY consequences of his or her direct or indirect use of this web site. ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. This site will NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT or any other kind of loss.

CVE, CWE, and OVAL are registred trademarks of The MITRE Corporation and the authoritative source of CVE content is MITRE's CVE web site. This site includes MITRE data granted under the following license.

Free CVE JSON API cve.report/api

CVE.report and Source URL Uptime Status status.cve.report