{"api_version":"1","generated_at":"2026-10-15T23:43:33+00:00","cve":"CVE-2023-54198","urls":{"html":"https://cve.report/CVE-2023-54198","api":"https://cve.report/api/cve/CVE-2023-54198.json","docs":"https://cve.report/api","cve_org":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-54198","nvd":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-54198"},"summary":{"title":"tty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()\n\nWhen specifying an invalid console= device like console=tty3270,\ntty_driver_lookup_tty() returns the tty struct without checking\nwhether index is a valid number.\n\nTo reproduce:\n\nqemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -nographic -serial mon:stdio \\\n-kernel ../linux-build-x86/arch/x86/boot/bzImage \\\n-append \"console=ttyS0 console=tty3270\"\n\nThis crashes with:\n\n[    0.770599] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 00000000000000ef\n[    0.771265] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode\n[    0.771773] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page\n[    0.772609] Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI\n[    0.774878] RIP: 0010:tty_open+0x268/0x6f0\n[    0.784013]  chrdev_open+0xbd/0x230\n[    0.784444]  ? cdev_device_add+0x80/0x80\n[    0.784920]  do_dentry_open+0x1e0/0x410\n[    0.785389]  path_openat+0xca9/0x1050\n[    0.785813]  do_filp_open+0xaa/0x150\n[    0.786240]  file_open_name+0x133/0x1b0\n[    0.786746]  filp_open+0x27/0x50\n[    0.787244]  console_on_rootfs+0x14/0x4d\n[    0.787800]  kernel_init_freeable+0x1e4/0x20d\n[    0.788383]  ? rest_init+0xc0/0xc0\n[    0.788881]  kernel_init+0x11/0x120\n[    0.789356]  ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30","state":"PUBLISHED","assigner":"Linux","published_at":"2025-12-30 13:16:07","updated_at":"2026-10-15 22:17:54"},"problem_types":[],"metrics":[{"version":"3.1","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","type":"Secondary","score":"7.8","severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","data":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","attackVector":"LOCAL","attackComplexity":"LOW","privilegesRequired":"LOW","userInteraction":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","availabilityImpact":"HIGH"}},{"version":"3.1","source":"CNA","type":"DECLARED","score":"7.8","severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","data":{"baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"}}],"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcfeaa570f7a5c2d5f4f14931909531ff18b7fde","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcfeaa570f7a5c2d5f4f14931909531ff18b7fde","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84ea44dc3e4ecb2632586238014bf6722aa5843b","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84ea44dc3e4ecb2632586238014bf6722aa5843b","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/953a4a352a0c185460ae1449e4c6e6658e55fdfc","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/953a4a352a0c185460ae1449e4c6e6658e55fdfc","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/765566110eb0da3cf60198b0165ecceeaafa6444","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/765566110eb0da3cf60198b0165ecceeaafa6444","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db4df8e9d79e7d37732c1a1b560958e8dadfefa1","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db4df8e9d79e7d37732c1a1b560958e8dadfefa1","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9d9d25ad1f0d060eaf297a2f7f03b5855a45561","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9d9d25ad1f0d060eaf297a2f7f03b5855a45561","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3df6f492f500a16c231f07ccc6f6ed1302caddf9","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3df6f492f500a16c231f07ccc6f6ed1302caddf9","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b79109d6470aaae7062998353e3a19449055829d","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b79109d6470aaae7062998353e3a19449055829d","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-54198","name":"CVE Program record","refsource":"CVE.ORG","tags":["canonical"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-54198","name":"NVD vulnerability detail","refsource":"NVD","tags":["canonical","analysis"]}],"affected":[{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 3df6f492f500a16c231f07ccc6f6ed1302caddf9 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 b79109d6470aaae7062998353e3a19449055829d git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 953a4a352a0c185460ae1449e4c6e6658e55fdfc git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 84ea44dc3e4ecb2632586238014bf6722aa5843b git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 f9d9d25ad1f0d060eaf297a2f7f03b5855a45561 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 765566110eb0da3cf60198b0165ecceeaafa6444 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 fcfeaa570f7a5c2d5f4f14931909531ff18b7fde git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7 db4df8e9d79e7d37732c1a1b560958e8dadfefa1 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 2.6.28","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 2.6.28 semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 4.14.308 4.14.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 4.19.276 4.19.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 5.4.235 5.4.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 5.10.173 5.10.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 5.15.100 5.15.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 6.1.18 6.1.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 6.2.5 6.2.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 6.3 * original_commit_for_fix","platforms":[]}],"timeline":[],"solutions":[],"workarounds":[],"exploits":[],"credits":[],"nvd_cpes":[],"vendor_comments":[],"enrichments":{"kev":null,"epss":{"cve_year":"2023","cve_id":"54198","cve":"CVE-2023-54198","epss":"0.001350000","percentile":"0.033450000","score_date":"2026-08-06","updated_at":"2026-08-07 00:14:20"},"legacy_qids":[]},"source_records":{"cve_program":{"containers":{"adp":[{"metrics":[{"other":{"content":{"id":"CVE-2023-54198","options":[{"Exploitation":"none"},{"Automatable":"no"},{"Technical Impact":"total"}],"role":"CISA Coordinator","timestamp":"2026-10-15T21:38:58.741580Z","version":"2.0.3"},"type":"ssvc"}}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2026-10-15T21:41:41.131Z","orgId":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","shortName":"CISA-ADP"},"title":"CISA ADP Vulnrichment"}],"cna":{"affected":[{"defaultStatus":"unaffected","product":"Linux","programFiles":["drivers/tty/tty_io.c"],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","vendor":"Linux","versions":[{"lessThan":"3df6f492f500a16c231f07ccc6f6ed1302caddf9","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"b79109d6470aaae7062998353e3a19449055829d","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"953a4a352a0c185460ae1449e4c6e6658e55fdfc","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"84ea44dc3e4ecb2632586238014bf6722aa5843b","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"f9d9d25ad1f0d060eaf297a2f7f03b5855a45561","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"765566110eb0da3cf60198b0165ecceeaafa6444","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"fcfeaa570f7a5c2d5f4f14931909531ff18b7fde","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"db4df8e9d79e7d37732c1a1b560958e8dadfefa1","status":"affected","version":"99f1fe189daf8e99a847e420567e49dd7ee2aae7","versionType":"git"}]},{"defaultStatus":"affected","product":"Linux","programFiles":["drivers/tty/tty_io.c"],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","vendor":"Linux","versions":[{"status":"affected","version":"2.6.28"},{"lessThan":"2.6.28","status":"unaffected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"4.14.*","status":"unaffected","version":"4.14.308","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"4.19.*","status":"unaffected","version":"4.19.276","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"5.4.*","status":"unaffected","version":"5.4.235","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"5.10.*","status":"unaffected","version":"5.10.173","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"5.15.*","status":"unaffected","version":"5.15.100","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"6.1.*","status":"unaffected","version":"6.1.18","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"6.2.*","status":"unaffected","version":"6.2.5","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"6.3","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}]}],"cpeApplicability":[{"nodes":[{"cpeMatch":[{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"4.14.308","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"4.19.276","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"5.4.235","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"5.10.173","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"5.15.100","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"6.1.18","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"6.2.5","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"6.3","versionStartIncluding":"2.6.28","vulnerable":true}],"negate":false,"operator":"OR"}]}],"descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()\n\nWhen specifying an invalid console= device like console=tty3270,\ntty_driver_lookup_tty() returns the tty struct without checking\nwhether index is a valid number.\n\nTo reproduce:\n\nqemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -nographic -serial mon:stdio \\\n-kernel ../linux-build-x86/arch/x86/boot/bzImage \\\n-append \"console=ttyS0 console=tty3270\"\n\nThis crashes with:\n\n[    0.770599] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 00000000000000ef\n[    0.771265] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode\n[    0.771773] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page\n[    0.772609] Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI\n[    0.774878] RIP: 0010:tty_open+0x268/0x6f0\n[    0.784013]  chrdev_open+0xbd/0x230\n[    0.784444]  ? cdev_device_add+0x80/0x80\n[    0.784920]  do_dentry_open+0x1e0/0x410\n[    0.785389]  path_openat+0xca9/0x1050\n[    0.785813]  do_filp_open+0xaa/0x150\n[    0.786240]  file_open_name+0x133/0x1b0\n[    0.786746]  filp_open+0x27/0x50\n[    0.787244]  console_on_rootfs+0x14/0x4d\n[    0.787800]  kernel_init_freeable+0x1e4/0x20d\n[    0.788383]  ? rest_init+0xc0/0xc0\n[    0.788881]  kernel_init+0x11/0x120\n[    0.789356]  ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30"}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"AV:L - The out-of-bounds access is reached through a local `open()` syscall on the console character device (`tty_open` → `tty_open_by_driver` → `tty_driver_lookup_tty`); no network or physical interaction is part of the trigger itself.\nAC:L - On an affected system the OOB read fires deterministically on every open of the console device — no race, no timing window, and it is freely repeatable, which also lets an unprivileged process groom the adjacent slab objects that the read lands in.\nPR:L - Reaching the code needs only an open() of the console device, which on the plausible worst-case deployments (embedded/appliance and container images that expose /dev/console to non-root, busybox-style rootfs) is available to an ordinary local user; heap grooming to shape the wild pointer likewise needs no privilege.\nUI:N - No victim action is required — the attacker's own open() triggers the access, and on the reported path `console_on_rootfs()` hits it automatically during kernel init.\nS:U - The out-of-bounds read, the wild-pointer dereference and the refcount write all occur inside the kernel's own security authority; no VM, IOMMU or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - The read is an unbounded out-of-bounds fetch (index up to INT_MAX elements past a 63-entry array), and the value is then treated as a `struct tty_struct *` whose termios/ldisc/driver fields are dereferenced and exposed through the resulting tty file, giving arbitrary kernel-memory disclosure rather than a bounded few-byte leak.\nI:H - The garbage pointer is passed to `tty_kref_get()` → `refcount_inc()`, a read-modify-write at an attacker-influenced kernel address, followed by further writes in `tty_lock_interruptible()` and `tty_reopen()` (`tty->count++`, ldisc state) — a memory-corruption primitive usable for control-flow hijacking.\nA:H - The commit documents a kernel NULL-pointer dereference and Oops in `tty_open+0x268/0x6f0`; the wild-pointer dereference reliably panics the kernel, and on the boot path it prevents the system from coming up at all."}]}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2026-08-05T09:17:57.447Z","orgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","shortName":"Linux"},"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3df6f492f500a16c231f07ccc6f6ed1302caddf9"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b79109d6470aaae7062998353e3a19449055829d"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/953a4a352a0c185460ae1449e4c6e6658e55fdfc"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/84ea44dc3e4ecb2632586238014bf6722aa5843b"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9d9d25ad1f0d060eaf297a2f7f03b5855a45561"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/765566110eb0da3cf60198b0165ecceeaafa6444"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcfeaa570f7a5c2d5f4f14931909531ff18b7fde"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/db4df8e9d79e7d37732c1a1b560958e8dadfefa1"}],"title":"tty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()","x_generator":{"engine":"bippy-1.2.0"}}},"cveMetadata":{"assignerOrgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","assignerShortName":"Linux","cveId":"CVE-2023-54198","datePublished":"2025-12-30T12:09:04.229Z","dateReserved":"2025-12-30T12:06:44.499Z","dateUpdated":"2026-10-15T21:41:41.131Z","state":"PUBLISHED"},"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2"},"nvd":{"publishedDate":"2025-12-30 13:16:07","lastModifiedDate":"2026-10-15 22:17:54","problem_types":[],"metrics":{"cvssMetricV31":[{"source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","type":"Secondary","cvssData":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","attackVector":"LOCAL","attackComplexity":"LOW","privilegesRequired":"LOW","userInteraction":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","availabilityImpact":"HIGH"},"exploitabilityScore":1.8,"impactScore":5.9}],"ssvcV203":[{"source":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","ssvcData":{"timestamp":"2026-10-15T21:38:58.741580Z","id":"CVE-2023-54198","options":[{"exploitation":"none"},{"automatable":"no"},{"technicalImpact":"total"}],"role":"CISA Coordinator","version":"2.0.3"}}]},"configurations":[]},"legacy_mitre":{"record":{"CveYear":"2023","CveId":"54198","Ordinal":"1","Title":"tty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()","CVE":"CVE-2023-54198","Year":"2023"},"notes":[{"CveYear":"2023","CveId":"54198","Ordinal":"1","NoteData":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()\n\nWhen specifying an invalid console= device like console=tty3270,\ntty_driver_lookup_tty() returns the tty struct without checking\nwhether index is a valid number.\n\nTo reproduce:\n\nqemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -nographic -serial mon:stdio \\\n-kernel ../linux-build-x86/arch/x86/boot/bzImage \\\n-append \"console=ttyS0 console=tty3270\"\n\nThis crashes with:\n\n[    0.770599] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 00000000000000ef\n[    0.771265] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode\n[    0.771773] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page\n[    0.772609] Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI\n[    0.774878] RIP: 0010:tty_open+0x268/0x6f0\n[    0.784013]  chrdev_open+0xbd/0x230\n[    0.784444]  ? cdev_device_add+0x80/0x80\n[    0.784920]  do_dentry_open+0x1e0/0x410\n[    0.785389]  path_openat+0xca9/0x1050\n[    0.785813]  do_filp_open+0xaa/0x150\n[    0.786240]  file_open_name+0x133/0x1b0\n[    0.786746]  filp_open+0x27/0x50\n[    0.787244]  console_on_rootfs+0x14/0x4d\n[    0.787800]  kernel_init_freeable+0x1e4/0x20d\n[    0.788383]  ? rest_init+0xc0/0xc0\n[    0.788881]  kernel_init+0x11/0x120\n[    0.789356]  ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30","Type":"Description","Title":"tty: fix out-of-bounds access in tty_driver_lookup_tty()"}]}}}