{"api_version":"1","generated_at":"2026-08-22T10:11:23+00:00","cve":"CVE-2026-72435","urls":{"html":"https://cve.report/CVE-2026-72435","api":"https://cve.report/api/cve/CVE-2026-72435.json","docs":"https://cve.report/api","cve_org":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-72435","nvd":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-72435"},"summary":{"title":"netfilter: ipset: fix order of kfree_rcu() and rcu_assign_pointer()","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetfilter: ipset: fix order of kfree_rcu() and rcu_assign_pointer()\n\nSashiko pointed out that kfree_rcu() was called before\nrcu_assign_pointer() in handling the comment extension.\nFix the order so that rcu_assign_pointer() called first.","state":"PUBLISHED","assigner":"Linux","published_at":"2026-08-15 06:22:17","updated_at":"2026-08-17 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the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetfilter: ipset: fix order of kfree_rcu() and rcu_assign_pointer()\n\nSashiko pointed out that kfree_rcu() was called before\nrcu_assign_pointer() in handling the comment extension.\nFix the order so that rcu_assign_pointer() called first."}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"AV:L - The bug is reached only through nfnetlink IPSET commands (ADD/DEL/LIST/SAVE) on NETLINK_GENERIC; nfnetlink_rcv() requires CAP_NET_ADMIN and no remote packet path feeds comment free/replace, so kernel CNA guidance treats netfilter/ipset netlink as Local.\nAC:L - LIST/SAVE dump runs asynchronously without holding the nfnl mutex while mtype_list holds rcu_read_lock and calls ip_set_put_comment; an attacker with CAP_NET_ADMIN can concurrently issue ADD/--exist comment replacement, DEL/flush, or timeout GC to hit the kfree_rcu-before-NULL ordering reliably.\nPR:L - nfnetlink_rcv() gates every ipset command on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which resolves to ns_capable(sock_net()->user_ns, CAP_NET_ADMIN); unprivileged users obtain this inside a user/network namespace via unshare -Urn and fully control per-netns ipset configuration.\nUI:N - Exploitation is fully attacker-driven through netlink: create a comment-enabled set, start LIST/SAVE dump, and concurrently add/delete/flush elements or let timeout GC run; no victim click, mount, or other deliberate action is required beyond ordinary local control.\nS:U - The RCU use-after-free corrupts kernel heap memory and can yield host privilege escalation or crash, but impact stays within the same kernel security authority and does not cross VM/host, container/host, or IOMMU boundaries.\nC:H - Calling kfree_rcu() before rcu_assign_pointer(NULL) lets dump readers under rcu_read_lock still rcu_dereference(comment->c) and nla_put_string() reads freed ip_set_comment_rcu kmalloc memory—a classic UAF read usable for arbitrary kernel disclosure with heap grooming.\nI:H - Concurrent free and replacement of RCU-managed comment objects lets an attacker reclaim and control freed slab memory, providing standard paths to arbitrary kernel writes, metadata corruption, and control-flow hijack rather than a bounded or crash-only integrity effect.\nA:H - Stale comment pointer dereference during dump or subsequent slab reuse can immediately kernel-oops or panic the host, and the underlying UAF heap corruption can crash or hang the system even when full exploitation is not attempted."}]}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2026-08-17T05:44:10.925Z","orgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","shortName":"Linux"},"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c9787d7c24ffd83019f379455e1b97fb4f0f75eb"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6e98407cb94e035bba98956adc9096a76d8b2a9f"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/50b70f56f3baaff46599f59b2d93fa2540120776"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d01b4b471f0fc5c396af62845e972ccf99cee29a"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcb565966534909377a16be5f7b065db2e25c8b5"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8087bb360a936a6314d22b567e4b861656943eb6"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/93a775fd67f3ef34949a9523bfa69403ee74efdd"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3ca9982a8882470aa0ac4e8bb9a552b181d1efcd"}],"title":"netfilter: ipset: fix order of kfree_rcu() and rcu_assign_pointer()","x_generator":{"engine":"bippy-1.2.0"}}},"cveMetadata":{"assignerOrgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","assignerShortName":"Linux","cveId":"CVE-2026-72435","datePublished":"2026-08-15T05:56:49.402Z","dateReserved":"2026-08-09T03:40:39.929Z","dateUpdated":"2026-08-17T05:44:10.925Z","state":"PUBLISHED"},"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2"},"nvd":{"publishedDate":"2026-08-15 06:22:17","lastModifiedDate":"2026-08-17 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in handling the comment extension.\nFix the order so that rcu_assign_pointer() called first.","Type":"Description","Title":"netfilter: ipset: fix order of kfree_rcu() and rcu_assign_pointe"}]}}}