{"api_version":"1","generated_at":"2026-10-01T19:08:52+00:00","cve":"CVE-2026-92485","urls":{"html":"https://cve.report/CVE-2026-92485","api":"https://cve.report/api/cve/CVE-2026-92485.json","docs":"https://cve.report/api","cve_org":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-92485","nvd":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92485"},"summary":{"title":"bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became\n   'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock.","state":"PUBLISHED","assigner":"Linux","published_at":"2026-09-17 17:17:50","updated_at":"2026-09-18 18:18:12"},"problem_types":[],"metrics":[{"version":"3.1","source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","type":"Secondary","score":"7.8","severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","data":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","attackVector":"LOCAL","attackComplexity":"LOW","privilegesRequired":"LOW","userInteraction":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","availabilityImpact":"HIGH"}},{"version":"3.1","source":"CNA","type":"DECLARED","score":"7.8","severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","data":{"baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"}}],"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9","name":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9","refsource":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","tags":[],"title":"","mime":"","httpstatus":"","archivestatus":"0"},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-92485","name":"CVE Program record","refsource":"CVE.ORG","tags":["canonical"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-92485","name":"NVD vulnerability detail","refsource":"NVD","tags":["canonical","analysis"]}],"affected":[{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544 48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544 61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 605c8d8f9966fcd2f0b858fabebe416fc83f2209 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 028480eaf2a1401e914a1fa1a4a21d877cf0ae30 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 8f873cc3f67f2257493063e57d0caf07ef889ee9 git","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 6.1.72 6.2 semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 6.5.12 6.6 semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 6.6.2 6.7 semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"affected 6.7","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 6.7 semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 7.2.6 7.2.* semver","platforms":[]},{"source":"CNA","vendor":"Linux","product":"Linux","version":"unaffected 7.3-rc1 * original_commit_for_fix","platforms":[]}],"timeline":[],"solutions":[],"workarounds":[],"exploits":[],"credits":[],"nvd_cpes":[],"vendor_comments":[],"enrichments":{"kev":null,"epss":{"cve_year":"2026","cve_id":"92485","cve":"CVE-2026-92485","epss":"0.001540000","percentile":"0.048960000","score_date":"2026-09-21","updated_at":"2026-09-22 00:03:18"},"legacy_qids":[]},"source_records":{"cve_program":{"containers":{"cna":{"affected":[{"defaultStatus":"unaffected","product":"Linux","programFiles":["include/linux/bpf.h","kernel/bpf/trampoline.c","kernel/bpf/verifier.c"],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","vendor":"Linux","versions":[{"lessThan":"48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781","status":"affected","version":"2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9","status":"affected","version":"2b5dcb31a19a2e0acd869b12c9db9b2d696ef544","versionType":"git"},{"status":"affected","version":"605c8d8f9966fcd2f0b858fabebe416fc83f2209","versionType":"git"},{"status":"affected","version":"028480eaf2a1401e914a1fa1a4a21d877cf0ae30","versionType":"git"},{"status":"affected","version":"8f873cc3f67f2257493063e57d0caf07ef889ee9","versionType":"git"},{"lessThan":"6.2","status":"affected","version":"6.1.72","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThan":"6.6","status":"affected","version":"6.5.12","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThan":"6.7","status":"affected","version":"6.6.2","versionType":"semver"}]},{"defaultStatus":"affected","product":"Linux","programFiles":["include/linux/bpf.h","kernel/bpf/trampoline.c","kernel/bpf/verifier.c"],"repo":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git","vendor":"Linux","versions":[{"status":"affected","version":"6.7"},{"lessThan":"6.7","status":"unaffected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"7.2.*","status":"unaffected","version":"7.2.6","versionType":"semver"},{"lessThanOrEqual":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"7.3-rc1","versionType":"original_commit_for_fix"}]}],"cpeApplicability":[{"nodes":[{"cpeMatch":[{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"7.2.6","versionStartIncluding":"6.7","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionEndExcluding":"7.3-rc1","versionStartIncluding":"6.7","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"6.1.72","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"6.5.12","vulnerable":true},{"criteria":"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","versionStartIncluding":"6.6.2","vulnerable":true}],"negate":false,"operator":"OR"}]}],"descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became\n   'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock."}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"scenarios":[{"lang":"en","value":"AV:L - The trigger is local bpf() only: BPF_PROG_LOAD of a tail_call_reachable target plus two BPF_TRACE_FEXIT programs (check_attach_btf_id overwrites tr->flags), BPF_LINK_CREATE via bpf_tracing_prog_attach, then close() of the first link into bpf_tracing_link_release. No remote protocol carries the malformed state.\nAC:L - After the first fexit attach, bpf_trampoline_update sets BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG and bpf_arch_text_poke installs a JMP (bpf_trampoline_use_jmp). A second BPF_PROG_LOAD then does tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX in check_attach_btf_id; closing the first link hits the JMP-vs-CALL mismatch. The attacker owns both loads and the close; CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_JMP is def_bool y on x86_64.\nPR:L - bpf_prog_load() of BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING/BPF_TRACE_FEXIT requires CAP_BPF and, via is_perfmon_prog_type(), CAP_PERFMON; bpf_token_capable() with a delegated BPF token grants those into a non-init user namespace, so this is not init-namespace root.\nUI:N - The attacker loads both fexit programs, attaches the first with BPF_LINK_CREATE/bpf_tracing_prog_attach, and closes that link fd themselves; no victim mount, open, or other action is required.\nS:U - The leftover JMP in the target program and the use-after-free of fexit1's JIT image stay inside host kernel BPF trampoline code; they do not cross a VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - Failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() leaves the target's 5-byte slot as a JMP into the trampoline image that still calls fexit1->bpf_func, while bpf_link_free()→bpf_link_dealloc() immediately bpf_prog_put()s fexit1 (no dealloc_deferred). After bpf_jit_free(), later target invocations read that freed executable image.\nI:H - The same dangling trampoline CALL into fexit1's freed JIT pages is an executable use-after-free; the attacker controls the fexit program and can spray replacement JIT text at that address, hijacking kernel control flow when the target program runs.\nA:H - bpf_tracing_link_release() WARN_ON_ONCE()s the failed bpf_trampoline_unlink_prog() after bpf_arch_text_poke() rejects the JMP-vs-CALL restore. Running the target afterward jumps to the trampoline and calls the freed fexit JIT, causing a kernel paging fault/oops."}]}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2026-09-18T17:55:25.436Z","orgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","shortName":"Linux"},"references":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/48a0209d8da0d90a7b0a0db19d1ff88027b13781"},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61aaa8782bec59ecffd22e030f54ef9351bcabf9"}],"title":"bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release","x_generator":{"engine":"bippy-1.2.0"}}},"cveMetadata":{"assignerOrgId":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","assignerShortName":"Linux","cveId":"CVE-2026-92485","datePublished":"2026-09-17T16:10:00.999Z","dateReserved":"2026-09-16T12:21:13.870Z","dateUpdated":"2026-09-18T17:55:25.436Z","state":"PUBLISHED"},"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.2"},"nvd":{"publishedDate":"2026-09-17 17:17:50","lastModifiedDate":"2026-09-18 18:18:12","problem_types":[],"metrics":{"cvssMetricV31":[{"source":"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67","type":"Secondary","cvssData":{"version":"3.1","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","baseScore":7.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","attackVector":"LOCAL","attackComplexity":"LOW","privilegesRequired":"LOW","userInteraction":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","availabilityImpact":"HIGH"},"exploitabilityScore":1.8,"impactScore":5.9}]},"configurations":[]},"legacy_mitre":{"record":{"CveYear":"2026","CveId":"92485","Ordinal":"1","Title":"bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release","CVE":"CVE-2026-92485","Year":"2026"},"notes":[{"CveYear":"2026","CveId":"92485","Ordinal":"1","NoteData":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release\n\nThe trampoline could be corrupted by the blindly\n'tr->flags = BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX' in verifier.\n\n1. A fexit attached to a tail_call_reachable prog. 'tr->flags' became\n   'BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG | BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'. And, the\n   trampoline would poke the target prog's nop insn using jmp insn instead\n   of call insn.\n2. Another fexit loaded with the same tail_call_reachable prog target.\n   'tr->flags' became 'BPF_TRAMP_F_TAIL_CALL_CTX'.\n3. Close the first fexit link. Due to no BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG in\n   'tr->flags', the trampoline will fail to restore the prog's nop insn\n   using call insn.\n\n[    3.410719] WARNING: kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3551 at bpf_tracing_link_release+0x53/0x60, CPU#1: test_progs/98\n...\n[    3.428793]  bpf_link_free+0x58/0x130\n[    3.429293]  bpf_link_release+0x23/0x30\n\nFix the warning by updating 'tr->flags' with '|=' and lock.","Type":"Description","Title":"bpf: Fix WARNING in bpf_tracing_link_release"}]}}}